International postdoctoral fellows currently make up over 50% of the United States postdoctoral fellows’ workforce in science, engineering, and health fields, with Indian national research fellows representing the second highest number (16.3%) of international fellows in the United States. While research on best practices for graduate and postdoctoral mentoring exists broadly, there is a gap in knowledge on the best mentoring practices for international biomedical postdoctoral fellows. Given the number of international postdoctoral fellows from India has been increasing at the highest rate in recent years, it is important to understand the specific needs of international postdocs from India as well as ideal mentoring practices for this learner population. This qualitative phenomenological study examined the perceived barriers and facilitators of Indian national postdoctoral fellows (n = 10) in the biomedical sciences in the United States. This study was guided by Vygotsky’s social constructivism theory and Bandura’s social cognitive theory, specifically related to the concept of self-efficacy. The mentored experience for postdoctoral fellows in the biomedical sciences is an authentic learning environment where social construction takes place and these learning experiences through mentoring can impact the development of self-efficacy. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with participants using an open-ended interview protocol and recorded using Zoom. Once the interviews were transcribed and verified by participants, coding was completed using NVivo14 to identify salient themes. Participants reported several mentoring facilitators, specifically in career and professional development, self-efficacy, and relational-psychosocial mentoring behaviors. They also reported mentoring barriers, namely, insufficient understanding of the impact of an international status on the experience by mentors, mentor-centered communication, and restrictive working environments. These findings can help guide postdoctoral fellows, mentors, and administrators in making a more inclusive environment for this scholar population, recognizing that they may have specific needs compared to other postdoctoral populations. Further research in postdoctoral populations that exit their first postdoctoral experience, as well as researching the mentor’s experience could help deepen understanding of Indian national postdoctoral mentored experiences.