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    Human thalamic somatosensory nucleus (Ventral caudal, Vc) as a locus for stimulation by INPUTS from tactile, noxious and thermal sensors on an active prosthesis

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    Author
    Chien, J.H.
    Korzeniewska, A.
    Colloca, L.
    Date
    2017
    Journal
    Sensors (Switzerland)
    Publisher
    MDPI AG
    Type
    Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    See at
    https://www.doi.org/10.3390/s17061197
    Abstract
    The forebrain somatic sensory locus for input from sensors on the surface of an active prosthesis is an important component of the Brain Machine Interface. We now review the neuronal responses to controlled cutaneous stimuli and the sensations produced by Threshold Stimulation at Microampere current levels (TMIS) in such a locus, the human thalamic Ventral Caudal nucleus (Vc). The responses of these neurons to tactile stimuli mirror those for the corresponding class of tactile mechanoreceptor fiber in the peripheral nerve, and TMIS can evoke sensations like those produced by the stimuli that optimally activate each class. These neuronal responses show a somatotopic arrangement from lateral to medial in the sequence: leg, arm, face and intraoral structures. TMIS evoked sensations show a much more detailed organization into anterior posteriorly oriented rods, approximately 300 microns diameter, that represent smaller parts of the body, such as parts of individual digits. Neurons responding to painful and thermal stimuli are most dense around the posterior inferior border of Vc, and TMIS evoked pain sensations occur in one of two patterns: (i) pain evoked regardless of the frequency or number of spikes in a burst of TMIS; and (ii) the description and intensity of the sensation changes with increasing frequencies and numbers. In patients with major injuries leading to loss of somatic sensory input, TMIS often evokes sensations in the representation of parts of the body with loss of sensory input, e.g., the phantom after amputation. Some patients with these injuries have ongoing pain and pain evoked by TMIS of the representation in those parts of the body. Therefore, thalamic TMIS may produce useful patterned somatotopic feedback to the CNS from sensors on an active prosthesis that is sometimes complicated by TMIS evoked pain in the representation of those parts of the body. Copyright 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
    Sponsors
    Some of the studies described here were funded by the NIH NS38493 NS40059, and by the Johns Hopkins Neurosurgical Pain Research Institute.
    Keyword
    Active prosthesis
    Mechanoreception
    Microstimulation
    Neuron
    Nociception
    Sensor
    Thalamus
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019718883&doi=10.3390%2fs17061197&partnerID=40&md5=b2b0980213f3a04bbaaf854af664534d; http://hdl.handle.net/10713/9899
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.3390/s17061197
    Scopus Count
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    UMB Open Access Articles 2017

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