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    Clinical implications of asymptomatic plasmodium falciparum infections in Malawi

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    Author
    Buchwald, A.G.
    Sixpence, A.
    Chimenya, M.
    Date
    2019
    Journal
    Clinical Infectious Diseases
    Publisher
    Oxford University Press
    Type
    Article
    
    Metadata
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    See at
    https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy427
    Abstract
    Background. Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections are common in Malawi; however, the implications of these infections for the burden of malaria illness are unknown. Whether asymptomatic infections eventually progress to malaria illness, persist without causing symptoms, or clear spontaneously remains undetermined. We identified asymptomatic infections and evaluated the associations between persistent asymptomatic infections and malaria illness. Methods. Children and adults (N = 120) who presented at a health facility with uncomplicated malaria were followed monthly for 2 years. During follow-up visits, participants with malaria symptoms were tested and, if positive, treated. Samples from all visits were tested for parasites using both microscopy and polymerase chain reaction, and all malaria infections underwent genotyping. Cox frailty models were used to estimate the temporal association between asymptomatic infections and malaria illness episodes. Mixed models were used to estimate the odds of clinical symptoms associated with new versus persistent infections. Results. Participants had a median follow-up time of 720 days. Asymptomatic infections were detected during 23% of visits. Persistent asymptomatic infections were associated with decreased risk of malaria illness in all ages (hazard ratio 0.50, P < .001). When asymptomatic infections preceded malaria illness, newly-acquired infections were detected at 92% of subsequent clinical episodes, independent of presence of persistent infections. Malaria illness among children was more likely due to newly-acquired infections (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-1.5) than to persistent infections. Conclusions. Asymptomatic P. falciparum infections are associated with decreased incidence of malaria illness, but do not protect against disease when new infection occurs. Copyright 2018 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
    Sponsors
    Financial support. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health Malawi International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (grant U19AI089683), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (grant K24AI114996-03), and the National Institutes of Aging (grant P30AG028747).
    Keyword
    clinical immunity
    malaria
    persistent infection
    time to disease
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058889959&doi=10.1093%2fcid%2fciy427&partnerID=40&md5=ecd21bed87f67a2cb906a69a9c90ea85; http://hdl.handle.net/10713/8666
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1093/cid/ciy427
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