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    Comparison of reconstructed prompt gamma emissions using maximum likelihood estimation and origin ensemble algorithms for a Compton camera system tailored to proton range monitoring.

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    Author
    Valencia Lozano, Ingrid
    Dedes, George
    Peterson, Steve
    Mackin, Dennis
    Zoglauer, Andreas
    Beddar, Sam
    Avery, Stephen
    Polf, Jerimy
    Parodi, Katia
    Date
    2022-06-21
    Journal
    Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik
    Publisher
    Elsevier
    Type
    Article
    
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    See at
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.04.005
    Abstract
    Compton-based prompt gamma (PG) imaging is being investigated by several groups as a potential solution for in vivo range monitoring in proton therapy. The performance of this technique depends on the detector system as well as the ability of the reconstruction method to obtain good spatial resolution to establish a quantitative correlation between the PG emission and the proton beam range in the patient. To evaluate the feasibility of PG imaging for range monitoring, we quantitatively evaluated the emission distributions reconstructed by a Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (MLEM) and a Stochastic Origin Ensemble (SOE) algorithm. To this end, we exploit experimental and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation data acquired with the Polaris-J Compton Camera (CC) prototype. The differences between the proton beam range (RD) defined as the 80% distal dose fall-off and the PG range (RPG), obtained by fitting the distal end of the reconstructed profile with a sigmoid function, were quantified. A comparable performance of both reconstruction algorithms was found. For both experimental and simulated irradiation scenarios, the correlation between RD and RPG was within 5 mm. These values were consistent with the ground truth distance (RD-RPGg≈ 3 mm) calculated by using the expected PG emission available from MC simulation. Furthermore, shifts of 3 mm in the proton beam range were resolved with the MLEM algorithm by calculating the relative difference between the RPG for each reconstructed profile. In non-homogeneous targets, the spatial changes in the PG emission due to the different materials could not be fully resolved from the reconstructed profiles; however, the fall-off region still resembled the ground truth emission. For this scenario, the PG correlation (RD-RPG) varied from 0.1 mm to 4 mm, which is close to the ground truth correlation (3 mm). This work provides a framework for the evaluation of the range monitoring capabilities of a CC device for PG imaging. The two investigated image reconstruction algorithms showed a comparable and consistent performance for homogeneous and heterogeneous targets.
    Rights/Terms
    Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier GmbH.
    Keyword
    Compton camera
    MLEM
    Prompt gamma imaging
    Proton therapy
    Range verification
    SOE
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    http://hdl.handle.net/10713/19332
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.04.005
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