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    Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don't We Know More?

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    Author
    LaKind, Judy S
    Verner, Marc-André
    Rogers, Rachel D
    Goeden, Helen
    Naiman, Daniel Q
    Marchitti, Satori A
    Lehmann, Geniece M
    Hines, Erin P
    Fenton, Suzanne E
    Date
    2022-02-23
    Journal
    Environmental Health Perspectives
    Publisher
    National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
    Type
    Article
    
    Metadata
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    See at
    https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10359
    Abstract
    Background: Despite 20 y of biomonitoring studies of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in both serum and urine, we have an extremely limited understanding of PFAS concentrations in breast milk of women from the United States and Canada. The lack of robust information on PFAS concentrations in breast milk and implications for breastfed infants and their families were brought to the forefront by communities impacted by PFAS contamination. Objectives: The objectives of this work are to: a) document published PFAS breast milk concentrations in the United States and Canada; b) estimate breast milk PFAS levels from maternal serum concentrations in national surveys and communities impacted by PFAS; and c) compare measured/estimated milk PFAS concentrations to screening values. Methods: We used three studies reporting breast milk concentrations in the United States and Canada We also estimated breast milk PFAS concentrations by multiplying publicly available serum concentrations by milk:serum partitioning ratios for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). Measured and estimated breast milk concentrations were compared to children's drinking water screening values. Discussion: Geometric means of estimated breast milk concentrations ranged over approximately two orders of magnitude for the different surveys/communities. All geometric mean and mean estimated and measured breast milk PFOA and PFOS concentrations exceeded drinking water screening values for children, sometimes by more than two orders of magnitude. For PFHxS and PFNA, all measured breast milk levels were below the drinking water screening values for children; the geometric mean estimated breast milk concentrations were close to-or exceeded-the children's drinking water screening values for certain communities. Exceeding a children's drinking water screening value does not indicate that adverse health effects will occur and should not be interpreted as a reason to not breastfeed; it indicates that the situation should be further evaluated. It is past time to have a better understanding of environmental chemical transfer to-and concentrations in-an exceptional source of infant nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10359.
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    http://hdl.handle.net/10713/18101
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1289/EHP10359
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