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    Discovery of a Diverse Set of Bacteria That Build Their Cell Walls without the Canonical Peptidoglycan Polymerase aPBP

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    Author
    Atwal, Sharanjeet
    Chuenklin, Suthida
    Bonder, Edward M
    Flores, Juan
    Gillespie, Joseph J
    Driscoll, Timothy P
    Salje, Jeanne
    Date
    2021-07-27
    Journal
    mBio
    Publisher
    American Society for Microbiology
    Type
    Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    See at
    https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01342-21
    Abstract
    Peptidoglycan (PG) is a highly cross-linked peptide-glycan mesh that confers structural rigidity and shape to most bacterial cells. Polymerization of new PG is usually achieved by the concerted activity of two membrane-bound machineries, class-A penicillin binding proteins (aPBPs) and class-B penicillin binding proteins (bPBPs) in complex with shape, elongation, division, and sporulation (SEDS) proteins. Here, we have identified four phylogenetically distinct groups of bacteria that lack any identifiable aPBPs. We performed experiments on a panel of species within one of these groups, the Rickettsiales, and found that bacteria lacking aPBPs build a PG-like cell wall with minimal abundance and rigidity relative to cell walls of aPBP-containing bacteria. This reduced cell wall may have evolved to minimize the activation of host responses to pathogens and endosymbionts while retaining the minimal PG-biosynthesis machinery required for cell elongation and division. We term these "peptidoglycan-intermediate" bacteria, a cohort of host-associated species that includes some human pathogens. IMPORTANCE Peptidoglycan (PG) is a large, cross-linked polymer that forms the cell wall of most bacterial species and confers shape, rigidity, and protection from osmotic shock. It is also a potent stimulator of the immune response in animals. PG is normally polymerized by two groups of enzymes, aPBPs and bPBPs working together with shape, elongation, division, and sporulation (SEDS) proteins. We have identified a diverse set of host-associated bacteria that have selectively lost aPBP genes while retaining bPBP/SEDS and show that some of these build a minimal PG-like structure. It is expected that these minimal cell walls built in the absence of aPBPs improve the evolutionary fitness of host-associated bacteria, potentially through evasion of PG-recognition by the host immune system.
    Keyword
    Gram-negative bacteria
    Rickettsiales
    endosymbionts
    host-pathogen interactions
    obligate intracellular bacteria
    orthogonal chemical probes
    penicillin binding proteins
    peptidoglycan
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    http://hdl.handle.net/10713/16289
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1128/mBio.01342-21
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