Development of a measure of the content and quality of prenatal care services in a Medicaid population
Abstract
Statement of the problem. The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure the content and quality of prenatal care services in a population of low income women. Dimensions of performance as proposed by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations were used to define the quality of prenatal care. The United States Public Health Service Expert Panel Guidelines on the Content of Prenatal Care were used as the standard for the content of care. Methods. The Content and Quality of Prenatal Care Measure (CQPM), a prenatal care record review measure, was developed in this study. An assessment of content validity and intra- and inter-rater reliability was completed. Data collected for the validity sample of 163 records at two county health department sites was scored by content area. The Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index (APNCU) developed by Kotelchuck was used to categorize each record in the validity sample. Criterion-related validity was assessed with ANOVA using the CQPM scores as the dependent variable and the APNCU groups as the independent variable and by discriminant function analysis using the CQPM content scores as predictors for group membership in APNCU groups. Results. The mean percent agreement for each of the content areas for intra- and inter-rater reliability ranged from 72% to 95% with medical risk assessment having the highest reliability and health promotion having the lowest. Intra and inter-rater percent agreement for items ranking the quality of care was 70% and 51.6%. A significant difference between the groups was found in ANOVA, F(3,157):16.23, p < .00001, confirming criterion-related validity. The discriminant function analysis found an overall Lambda =.451941 (chi2 = 110.79, df 15, p < .00001). The prediction equation accounted for 62% of grouped cases being correctly classified also confirming criterion-related validity. Discussion. These results show that the Content and Quality of Prenatal Care Measure is reliable and valid and may be used to monitor care provided to low income populations and to conduct research on the content of prenatal care. Further research on weighting each item score in the CQPM and the reliability of items for special populations may be indicated.Description
University of Maryland, Baltimore. Nursing. Ph.D. 1996Keyword
Health Sciences, Obstetrics and GynecologyHealth Sciences, Nursing
Health Sciences, Public Health
Health Sciences, Health Care Management
Medicaid
Prenatal Care
Quality Assurance, Health Care--methods
Identifier to cite or link to this item
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The impact of the state of Maryland's Medicaid mental health carve-out on access-to-care for patients in a suburban health care systemCorey-Lisle, Patricia Katherine; Trinkoff, Alison M. (2000)In recent years, providing care for individuals with severe mental illness has consumed increasing state and federal financial resources, with State Medicaid systems bearing the heaviest burden. Managed care strategies have been initiated by public mental health systems as a mechanism to control expenses. The state of Maryland implemented a mental health carve-out on July 1, 1997. The purpose of the present study is to describe the effects of the carve-out on access-to-care for individuals using emergency department services in one suburban health care system. Data for this study included all episodes of emergency crisis care in pre-implementation (1996-1997) and post-implementation (1998-1999) time periods. These data were examined within the context of the Behavioral Model of Health Service Use (Andersen, 1995) to describe the interrelationships among external environment, predisposing characteristics, and enabling resources on use of health services. Use of health services was operationalized by four outcomes: disposition, length of stay, number of visits, and recidivism. There were a total of 2986 episodes, initiated by 1928 individuals. Logistic regression demonstrated that when controlling for predisposing characteristics and enabling resources, the likelihood of inpatient admission did not change after initiation of the program. Moreover, there was not a significant change in the number of emergency visits. The assessment of recidivism demonstrated that only psychotic disorders (a predisposing characteristic) were a significant predictor of 30-day repeat visits. Multiple regression models examining the impact of the carve-out on length of stay demonstrated a significant increase in the emergency department length of stay (F = 5.47, p = .05) following the implementation of the carve-out. While benefits associated with improved coordination of services might be expected with the implementation of the carve-out, there was not a change in inpatient admissions, number of emergency visits, or recidivism. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the amount of time required to assess patients and to provide an appropriate disposition. The limited study sample and data prohibit generalizability. Considering that evaluations of mental health carve-outs are limited, this study reflects that anticipated benefits have not been experienced in emergency departments.
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Costs, outcomes and estimation of the cost-effectiveness of abciximab in the prevention of ischemic events over six months of follow-upReed, Shelby Ogilvie; Mullins, C. Daniel (1998)Abciximab is an antiplatelet inhibitor used in conjunction with percutaneous revascularization procedures to decrease the risk of ischemic complications such as death, nonfatal MI or subsequent revascularization procedures like angioplasty or CABG. Although the efficacy of abciximab is rarely disputed based on evidence from three large clinical trials, the cost-effectiveness of the drug when used during routine practice has been questioned since it costs approximately $1,350 per patient treated. This study was undertaken to estimate the effectiveness of abciximab in patients treated at University of Maryland Medical System (UMMS) and to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) defined as the cost per event avoided. The composite endpoint consisted of death, MI or subsequent revascularization procedure over 6-months of follow-up. Proportional hazards regression revealed that abciximab was associated with a lower risk of ischemic events among patients with more severe angiographic morphology. Patients who received a shortened infusion of the drug (<10 hours) were at a greater risk of experiencing an event than those who received an infusion for 10-14 hours. Also, patients who underwent coronary stenting were less likely to have an event while patients with multivessel disease or a history of a percutaneous revascularization procedure were at a higher risk of experiencing an event. The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed for a subgroup of patients with more severe coronary morphology using a matched cohort design. The point estimate of the ICER revealed that it cost about $20,680 to prevent an ischemic event over six months in high-risk patients treated with abciximab. Confidence intervals for the ICER were computed using Taylor series approximation, Fieller's theorem and bootstrapping, and were graphically represented with ellipses of equal probability. Overall, the data were consistent with a wide range of plausible estimates due to a relatively small denominator in the ICER.
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Modeling costs and opportunistic infections for Maryland Medicaid HIV/AIDS patients: Effect of patient non-adherence to antiretroviral drugsHuang, Xing-Yue; Mullins, C. Daniel (2001)HIV/AIDS is the most important infectious disease. The significant benefits of new antiretrovirals to HIV/AIDS patients have been documented but these benefits depend on strict patient adherence. Although various published articles have focused on patient non-adherence, most of them have failed to assess the economic and clinical impacts of non-adherence. Maryland Medicaid claims data were used to evaluate risk factors, economic impact and impact of non-adherence on opportunistic infections (OI). The study population included patients who were continuously enrolled in Maryland Medicaid program from the index date to July 30, 1997. The mean non-adherence rate was 20%. Caucasian, male and/or patients who resided in Baltimore County had a significantly lower non-adherence rate compared to their counterparts. In addition, patients treated with protease inhibitor (PI) had a significantly lower non-adherence rate than their counterparts. Race, gender, and resident of Baltimore County were not significantly associated with a ≥95% adherence rate. Age was positively and PI treatment was negatively associated with a ≥95% adherence rate. Results consistently indicate that patients with a ≥95% adherence rate had lower monthly HIV/AIDS-related costs than their counterparts. In addition, Caucasian patients and/or patients with Medicaid and Medicare coverage had a lower monthly cost than their counterparts. However drug dependents had a significantly higher monthly cost than their counterparts. Patients who died, patients with OI and/or patients with severe mental illness had a significantly higher monthly cost than their counterparts. The impact of a ≥95% adherence rate on OI was insignificant. However, the results should be interpreted with caution. Limited sample size and low prevalence of OIs raised the issue of lack of statistical power, which may impede detection of the impact. In conclusion, this study confirms that patient social and clinical factors are significantly associated with non-adherence in a Medicaid HIV/AIDS population. Most importantly, a ≥95% patient adherence rate is associated with a lower monthly cost. The impact of a ≥95% adherence rate on risks of having OI is insignificant which may be due to lack of statistical power. Future studies should assess the clinical impact on more prevalent OIs in a larger patient population.