Date
2020-12-23Journal
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection MicrobiologyPublisher
Frontiers Media S.A.Type
Article
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Capsular polysaccharide (CPS), which surrounds the bacteria, is one of the most significant and multifaceted contributors to Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence. Capsule prevents entrapment in mucus during colonization, traps water to protect against desiccation, can serve as an energy reserve, and protects the bacterium against complement-mediated opsonization and immune cell phagocytosis. To date, 100 biochemically and serologically distinct capsule types have been identified for S. pneumoniae; 20 to 30 of which have well-defined propensity to cause opportunistic human infection. Among these, serotype 3 is perhaps the most problematic as serotype 3 infections are characterized as having severe clinical manifestations including empyema, bacteremia, cardiotoxicity, and meningitis; consequently, with a fatality rate of 30%–47%. Moreover, serotype 3 resists antibody-mediated clearance despite its inclusion in the current 13-valent conjugate vaccine formulation. This review covers the role of capsule in pneumococcal pathogenesis and the importance of serotype 3 on human disease. We discuss how serotype 3 capsule synthesis and presentation on the bacterial surface is distinct from other serotypes, the biochemical and physiological properties of this capsule type that facilitate its ability to cause disease, and why existing vaccines are unable to confer protection. We conclude with discussion of the clonal properties of serotype 3 and how these have changed since introduction of the 13-valent vaccine in 2000. Copyright Copyright Copyright 2020 Luck, Tettelin and Orihuela.Sponsors
HT and CJO received grant support from NIH grants AI114800 and AI146149.Keyword
capsule productioninvasive pneumococcal disease
serotype 3
Streptococcus pneumoniae
synthase-dependent pathway
vaccine escape
wzy-dependent pathway
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http://hdl.handle.net/10713/14526ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
10.3389/fcimb.2020.613287
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