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    Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety

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    Author
    Chien, Jui-Hong
    Colloca, Luana
    Korzeniewska, Anna
    Meeker, Timothy J
    Bienvenu, O Joe
    Saffer, Mark I
    Lenz, Fred A
    Date
    2020-11-26
    Journal
    Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
    Publisher
    MDPI AG
    Type
    Article
    Other
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    See at
    https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236751
    Abstract
    Anxiety disorders impose substantial costs upon public health and productivity in the USA and worldwide. At present, these conditions are quantified by self-report questionnaires that only apply to behaviors that are accessible to consciousness, or by the timing of responses to fear-and anxiety-related words that are indirect since they do not produce fear, e.g., Dot Probe Test and emotional Stroop. We now review the conditioned responses (CRs) to fear produced by a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus CS+) when it cues a painful laser unconditioned stimulus (US). These CRs include autonomic (Skin Conductance Response) and ratings of the CS+ unpleasantness, ability to command attention, and the recognition of the association of CS+ with US (expectancy). These CRs are directly related to fear, and some measure behaviors that are minimally accessible to consciousness e.g., economic scales. Fear-related CRs include non-phase-locked phase changes in oscillatory EEG power defined by frequency and time post-stimulus over baseline, and changes in phase-locked visual and laser evoked responses both of which include late potentials reflecting attention or expectancy, like the P300, or contingent negative variation. Increases (ERS) and decreases (ERD) in oscillatory power post-stimulus may be generalizable given their consistency across healthy subjects. ERS and ERD are related to the ratings above as well as to anxious personalities and clinical anxiety and can resolve activity over short time intervals like those for some moods and emotions. These results could be incorporated into an objective instrumented test that measures EEG and CRs of autonomic activity and psychological ratings related to conditioned fear, some of which are subliminal. As in the case of instrumented tests of vigilance, these results could be useful for the direct, objective measurement of multiple aspects of the risk, diagnosis, and monitoring of therapies for anxiety disorders and anxious personalities.
    Keyword
    Event Related Potential
    Event Related Spectral Perturbation
    anxiety
    expectation
    fear
    fear conditioning
    human
    scalp EEG
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    http://hdl.handle.net/10713/14174
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.3390/s20236751
    Scopus Count
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    UMB Open Access Articles 2020

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