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    Association of Influenza Activity and Environmental Conditions With the Risk of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease

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    Author
    Berry, Isha
    Tuite, Ashleigh R
    Salomon, Angela
    Drews, Steven
    Harris, Anthony D
    Hatchette, Todd
    Johnson, Caroline
    Kwong, Jeff
    Lojo, Jose
    McGeer, Allison
    Mermel, Leonard
    Ng, Victoria
    Fisman, David N
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    Date
    2020-07-01
    Journal
    JAMA network open
    Publisher
    American Medical Association
    Type
    Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    See at
    https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10167
    Abstract
    Importance: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most commonly identified cause of bacterial pneumonia, and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has a high case fatality rate. The wintertime coseasonality of influenza and IPD in temperate countries has suggested that pathogen-pathogen interaction or environmental conditions may contribute to IPD risk. Objectives: To evaluate the short-term associations of influenza activity and environmental exposures with IPD risk in temperate countries and to examine the generalizability of such associations across multiple jurisdictions. Design, Setting, and Participants: This case-crossover analysis of 19 566 individuals with IPD from 1998 to 2011 combined individual-level outcomes of IPD and population-level exposures. Participants lived in 12 jurisdictions in Canada (the province of Alberta and cities of Toronto, Vancouver, and Halifax), Australia (Perth, Sydney, Adelaide, Brisbane, and Melbourne), and the United States (Baltimore, Providence, and Philadelphia). Data were analyzed in 2019. Exposures: Influenza activity, mean temperature, absolute humidity, and UV radiation at delays of 1 to 3 weeks before case occurrence in each jurisdiction. Main Outcomes and Measures: Matched odds ratios (ORs) for IPD associated with changes in exposure variables, estimated using multivariable conditional logistic regression models. Heterogeneity in effects across jurisdictions were evaluated using random-effects meta-analytic models. Results: This study included 19 566 patients: 9629 from Australia (mean [SD] age, 42.8 [30.8] years; 5280 [54.8%] men), 8522 from Canada (only case date reported), and 1415 from the United States (only case date reported). In adjusted models, increased influenza activity was associated with increases in IPD risk 2 weeks later (adjusted OR [aOR] per SD increase, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.13). Increased humidity was associated with decreased IPD risk 1 week later (aOR per 1 g/m3, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-1.00). Other associations were heterogeneous; metaregression suggested that combinations of environmental factors might represent unique local risk signatures. For example, the heterogeneity in effects of UV radiation and humidity at a 2-week lag was partially explained by variation in temperature (UV index: coefficient, 0.0261; 95% CI, 0.0078 to 0.0444; absolute humidity: coefficient, -0.0077; 95% CI, -0.0125 to -0.0030). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, influenza was associated with increased IPD risk in temperate countries. This association was not explained by coseasonality or case characteristics and appears generalizable. Absolute humidity was associated with decreased IPD risk in the same jurisdictions. The generalizable nature of these associations has important implications for influenza control and advances the understanding of the seasonality of this important disease.
    Keyword
    invasive pneumococcal disease
    pathogen-pathogen interaction
    temperate countries
    Environment
    Influenza, Human
    Streptococcus pneumoniae
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    http://hdl.handle.net/10713/13466
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10167
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