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    Tornadic shear stress induces a transient, calcineurindependent hypervirulent phenotype in mucorales molds

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    Author
    Shetty, A.C.
    McCracken, C.
    Graf, K.T.
    Bruno, V.M.
    Date
    2020
    Journal
    mBio
    Publisher
    American Society for Microbiology
    Type
    Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    See at
    https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01414-20
    Abstract
    Trauma-related necrotizing myocutaneous mucormycosis (NMM) has a high morbidity and mortality in victims of combat-related injuries, geometeorological disasters, and severe burns. Inspired by the observation that several recent clusters of NMM have been associated with extreme mechanical forces (e.g., during tornados), we studied the impact of mechanical stress on Mucoralean biology and virulence in a Drosophila melanogaster infection model. In contrast to other experimental procedures to exert mechanical stress, tornadic shear challenge (TSC) by magnetic stirring induced a hypervirulent phenotype in several clinically relevant Mucorales species but not in Aspergillus or Fusarium. Whereas fungal growth rates, morphogenesis, and susceptibility to noxious environments or phagocytes were not altered by TSC, soluble factors released in the supernatant of shear-challenged R. arrhizus spores rendered static spores hypervirulent. Consistent with a rapid decay of TSC-induced hypervirulence, minimal transcriptional changes were revealed by comparative RNA sequencing analysis of static and shear-challenged Rhizopus arrhizus. However, inhibition of the calcineurin/ heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) stress response circuitry by cyclosporine and tanespimycin abrogated the increased pathogenicity of R. arrhizus spores following TSC. Similarly, calcineurin loss-of-function mutants of Mucor circinelloides displayed no increased virulence capacity in flies after undergoing TSC. Collectively, these results establish that TSC induces hypervirulence specifically in Mucorales and point out the calcineurin/hsp90 pathway as a key orchestrator of this phenotype. Our findings invite future studies of topical calcineurin inhibitor treatment of wounds as an adjunct mitigation strategy for NMM following highenergy trauma. IMPORTANCE Given the limited ef?cacy of current medical treatments in traumarelated necrotizing mucormycosis, there is a dire need to better understand the Mucoralean pathophysiology in order to develop novel strategies to counteract fungal tissue invasion following severe trauma. Here, we describe that tornadic shear stress challenge transiently induces a hypervirulent phenotype in various pathogenic Mucorales species but not in other molds known to cause wound infections. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of calcineurin signaling abrogated hypervirulence in shear stress-challenged Mucorales, encouraging further evaluation of (topical) calcineurin inhibitors to improve therapeutic outcomes of NMM after combat-related blast injuries or violent storms. Copyright 2020 Wurster et al.
    Sponsors
    NIH/NIAID grant R01AI063503; NIH/NIAID MERIT Award R37-AI39115-21; NIH/NIAID grants U19AI110820 and R01AI141360; NIH-NCI Cancer Center CORE support grant 16672.
    Keyword
    Mechanobiology
    Mucormycosis
    Stress response
    Trauma
    Virulence
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087151624&doi=10.1128%2fmBio.01414-20&partnerID=40&md5=1a35a0c6ce3f1e25419f225130e1505b; http://hdl.handle.net/10713/13317
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1128/mBio.01414-20
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