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    Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling for remimazolam in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in healthy subjects and in surgical subjects

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    Author
    Zhou, J.
    Leonowens, C.
    Ivaturi, V.D.
    Date
    2020
    Journal
    Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
    Publisher
    Elsevier Inc.
    Type
    Article
    
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    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109899
    Abstract
    Study objective: To evaluate factors affecting variability in response to remimazolam in general anesthesia. Design: Plasma concentration-time data from 11 Phase 1-3 clinical trials were pooled for the population pharmacokinetic (popPK) analysis and concentration-bispectral index (BIS) data were pooled from 8 trials for popPK-PD analysis. A 3-compartment model with allometric exponents on clearance and volume described remimazolam concentrations over time. An effect compartment model with an inhibitory sigmoid Emax model was fit to the concentration-BIS data. Simulations were performed to assess sedation in general anesthesia and post-surgical sedation in healthy and sensitive populations. Setting: General anesthesia and post-surgical sedation. Patients: 689 subjects included in popPK and 604 subjects included in popPK-PD. Most subjects (>85%) were ASA Class 1 or 2, with the remaining subjects being ASA Class 3. Interventions: Serial plasma concentrations and BIS scores. Measurements: Standard intra-operative monitoring. Main Results: PopPK model included an effect of extracorporeal circulation, ASA class, and sex on PK and a time-dependent clearance (~30% lower at 24 h) that was not related to cumulative dose. Co-administered remifentanil had a synergistic decrease in BIS with remimazolam. Remimazolam IC50 increased with cumulative dose. Onset was faster in overweight subjects and slower in Asian subjects. If using a weight-based regimen, simulations showed that remimazolam 6 mg/kg/h until loss of consciousness followed by 1 mg/kg/h during general anesthesia and 0.25 mg/kg/h for post-surgical sedation for up to 24 h is optimal, regardless of ASA class or sensitivity of subjects. Conclusions: If using a weight-based regimen, results illustrated an appropriate regimen of remimazolam for general anesthesia and post-surgical sedation in general and sensitive populations, although lower doses can be considered in elderly patients with a significant disease burden or in ASA Class 3 patients. The time-dependent change in clearance is not clinically relevant for up to 24 h. Copyright 2020 The Authors
    Keyword
    General anesthesia
    Pharmacodynamics
    Pharmacokinetics
    Post-surgical sedation
    Remimazolam
    Simulations
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086718726&doi=10.1016%2fj.jclinane.2020.109899&partnerID=40&md5=b9afec07bd77e8b9b223aba764282559; http://hdl.handle.net/10713/13177
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109899
    Scopus Count
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    UMB Open Access Articles 2020

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