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    Multiple HPV infections among men who have sex with men engaged in anal cancer screening in Abuja, Nigeria

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    Author
    Nowak, R.G.
    Schumaker, L.M.
    Nnaji, C.H.
    Mitchell A.
    Mathias
    T.J., Charurat
    M., Bentzen
    S.M., Cullen
    K.J., Charurat
    M., Nowak R.
    Ramadhani, H.
    TRUST/RV368 Study Group
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    Date
    2020
    Journal
    Papillomavirus Research
    Publisher
    Elsevier B.V.
    Type
    Article
    
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    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pvr.2020.100200
    Abstract
    Background: Anal precancers and cancers can be detected during screening with high-resolution anoscopy (HRA). The sensitivity of HRA depends on the burden and duration of human papillomavirus (HPV) among those screened as well as anoscopist proficiency, which is highly correlated with prior screening experience. Our objective was to compare the identification and type of HPV and the likelihood of HRA-detected precancer for men who have sex with men (MSM) undergoing their first HRA-screening in Nigeria. Methods: MSM were recruited from an HIV test-and-treat cohort, TRUST/RV368, into a new anal cancer screening program. Anal swabs obtained during screening underwent Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing using barcoded HPV PCR broad-spectrum primers 5+/6+ to detect up to 161 HPVs. All high-risk (HR) HPVs and the most abundant low-risk (LR)-HPVs were evaluated as type-specific infections with some categorized as belonging to a multiple infection. HRA screening results included benign, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), or HSIL as detected by cytology or histology. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of HPV and other cofactors with any SIL. Results: Among 342 MSM, 60% were HIV-infected, 89% were under 35 years of age, and 51% had 8 or more years since anal coital debut. Of those with SIL, 89% had LSIL and only 11% had HSIL. Prevalence of any HPV and high-risk (HR)-HPV was 92% and 74%, respectively. The most prevalent genotypes in rank order were HPV6 (31%), HPV16 (23%), HPV42 (20%), HPV11 (18%), HPV45 (18%), and HPV51 (17%). For multiple HR-HPVs, 31% had a single HR-HPV, 32% had 2-3, and 10% had 4 or more. Low-risk HPVs, type 6 and/or 11, were common (42%) and were significantly associated with SIL (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]:1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-3.1) together with perianal warts (aOR:6.7, 95% CI: 3.3-13.5). In contrast, HR-HPV and multiple HR-HPVs were not significantly associated with SIL (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Detection of HSIL was low. Although HR-HPV was abundant, HSIL development also depends on the duration of HR-HPV infections and the anoscopist's level of experience. As our cohort ages and the anoscopist becomes more skilled, detection of HSIL will likely improve. Copyright 2020 The Authors
    Sponsors
    Funding for this research was supported by the National Cancer Institute [ 2P30CA134274-09S2 , 5P30CA134274 ] and jointly with the Office of AIDS Research [ 1K07CA225403 ]. Additional support was provided by the National Institutes of Health [ R01 MH099001 , R01 AI120913 , R01 MH110358 ]; the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc ., and the U.S. Department of Defense [ W81XWH-11-2-0174 , W81XWH-18-2-0040 ]; Fogarty Epidemiology Research Training for Public Health Impact in Nigeria program [ D43TW010051 ]; and the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief through a cooperative agreement between the Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global AIDS Program, and the Institute for Human Virology-Nigeria [ NU2GGH002099 ].
    Keyword
    Anal cancer screening
    HPV in MSM
    Next-generation sequencing
    Sub-Saharan Africa
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085937704&doi=10.1016%2fj.pvr.2020.100200&partnerID=40&md5=0d0e59f803924e9417fb05e4d5baa1e5; http://hdl.handle.net/10713/13113
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1016/j.pvr.2020.100200
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