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    Cortical hyperactivation at low working memory load: A primary processing abnormality in people with schizophrenia?

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    Author
    Hahn, B.
    Robinson, B.M.
    Gold, J.M.
    Date
    2020
    Journal
    NeuroImage: Clinical
    Publisher
    Elsevier Inc.
    Type
    Article
    
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    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102270
    Abstract
    A frequent finding when studying substrates of working memory (WM) deficits in people with schizophrenia (PSZ) is task-induced hyperactivation relative to healthy control subjects (HCS) when WM load is low. Hyperactivation accompanying similar performance is commonly attributed to cognitive deficits rendering relatively easy operations more resource-consuming. To test if hyperactivation at low load really is secondary to cognitive impairment in PSZ, we re-analyzed functional MRI data showing left posterior parietal cortex (PPC) hyperactivation in PSZ when holding a single color-item in WM. In subgroups matched for the number of items successfully stored in WM (K) by excluding the highest-performing HCS and lowest-performing PSZ, performance was almost identical across all set sizes (1-7). While BOLD activation at the larger set sizes did not differ between groups, PSZ still robustly hyperactivated left PPC when a single item had to be maintained. The same pattern was observed in subgroups matched for model-based estimates of WM capacity or attentional lapse rate. Given that in the K-matched subsamples PSZ performed as well as HCS even in the most challenging load conditions and that no BOLD signal difference was seen at high loads, it is implausible that PSZ over-recruited WM-related neural structures because they were more challenged by maintaining a single item in WM. Instead, the findings are consistent with a primary schizophrenia-related processing abnormality as proposed by the hyperfocusing hypothesis, which suggests that an abnormally narrow but intense focusing of processing resources is central to many aspects of impaired cognition in PSZ. Copyright 2020 The Author(s)
    Keyword
    fMRI
    Hyperactivation
    Hyperfocusing
    Neural inefficiency
    Schizophrenia
    Working memory
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085073731&doi=10.1016%2fj.nicl.2020.102270&partnerID=40&md5=95bdbe6dffaeba04df2df45c6c5b1211; http://hdl.handle.net/10713/12917
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102270
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    UMB Open Access Articles 2020

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