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    Acid Experimental Evolution of the Haloarchaeon Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 Selects Mutations Affecting Arginine Transport and Catabolism

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    Author
    Kunka, K.S.
    Griffith, J.M.
    DasSarma, P.
    DasSarma, S.
    Date
    2020
    Journal
    Frontiers in Microbiology
    Publisher
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Type
    Article
    
    Metadata
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    See at
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00535
    Abstract
    Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 (NRC-1) is an extremely halophilic archaeon that is adapted to multiple stressors such as UV, ionizing radiation and arsenic exposure; it is considered a model organism for the feasibility of microbial life in iron-rich brine on Mars. We conducted experimental evolution of NRC-1 under acid and iron stress. NRC-1 was serially cultured in CM+ medium modified by four conditions: optimal pH (pH 7.5), acid stress (pH 6.3), iron amendment (600 ?M ferrous sulfate, pH 7.5), and acid plus iron (pH 6.3, with 600 ?M ferrous sulfate). For each condition, four independent lineages of evolving populations were propagated. After 500 generations, 16 clones were isolated for phenotypic characterization and genomic sequencing. Genome sequences of all 16 clones revealed 378 mutations, of which 90% were haloarchaeal insertion sequences (ISH) and ISH-mediated large deletions. This proportion of ISH events in NRC-1 was five-fold greater than that reported for comparable evolution of Escherichia coli. One acid-evolved clone had increased fitness compared to the ancestral strain when cultured at low pH. Seven of eight acid-evolved clones had a mutation within or upstream of arcD, which encodes an arginine-ornithine antiporter; no non-acid adapted strains had arcD mutations. Mutations also affected the arcR regulator of arginine catabolism, which protects bacteria from acid stress by release of ammonia. Two acid-adapted strains shared a common mutation in bop, which encodes bacterio-opsin, apoprotein for the bacteriorhodopsin light-driven proton pump. Thus, in the haloarchaeon NRC-1, as in bacteria, pH adaptation was associated with genes involved in arginine catabolism and proton transport. Our study is among the first to report experimental evolution with multiple resequenced genomes of an archaeon. Haloarchaea are polyextremophiles capable of growth under environmental conditions such as concentrated NaCl and desiccation, but little is known about pH stress. Interesting parallels appear between the molecular basis of pH adaptation in NRC-1 and in bacteria, particularly the acid-responsive arginine-ornithine system found in oral streptococci. Copyright 2020 The Authors.
    Sponsors
    This project was supported by the National Science Foundation award MCB-1613278, the 2016 NASA Astrobiology Program Early Career Collaboration Award, and NASA Exobiology grant 80NSSC19K0463.
    Keyword
    acid stress
    arginine
    experimental evolution
    Haloarchaea
    Halobacterium
    pH
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084368477&doi=10.3389%2ffmicb.2020.00535&partnerID=40&md5=f16e3c27654c4dd032efbde2e737be25; http://hdl.handle.net/10713/12756
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.3389/fmicb.2020.00535
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