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    Aberrantly High Levels of Somatic LINE-1 Expression and Retrotransposition in Human Neurological Disorders

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    Author
    Terry, D.M.
    Devine, S.E.
    Date
    2020
    Journal
    Frontiers in Genetics
    Publisher
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Type
    Article
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    See at
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.01244
    Abstract
    Retrotransposable elements (RTEs) have actively multiplied over the past 80 million years of primate evolution, and as a consequence, such elements collectively occupy ∼ 40% of the human genome. As RTE activity can have detrimental effects on the human genome and transcriptome, silencing mechanisms have evolved to restrict retrotransposition. The brain is the only known somatic tissue where RTEs are de-repressed throughout the life of a healthy human and each neuron in specific brain regions accumulates up to ∼13.7 new somatic L1 insertions (and perhaps more). However, even higher levels of somatic RTE expression and retrotransposition have been found in a number of human neurological disorders. This review is focused on how RTE expression and retrotransposition in neuronal tissues might contribute to the initiation and progression of these disorders. These disorders are discussed in three broad and sometimes overlapping categories: 1) disorders such as Rett syndrome, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, and ataxia–telangiectasia, where expression/retrotransposition is increased due to mutations in genes that play a role in regulating RTEs in healthy cells, 2) disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and substance abuse disorders, which are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental stress factors, and 3) disorders associated with age, such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and normal aging, where there is a time-dependent accumulation of neurological degeneration, RTE copy number, and phenotypes. Research has revealed increased levels of RTE activity in many neurological disorders, but in most cases, a clear causal link between RTE activity and these disorders has not been well established. At the same time, even if increased RTE activity is a passenger and not a driver of disease, a detrimental effect is more likely than a beneficial one. Thus, a better understanding of the role of RTEs in neuronal tissues likely is an important part of understanding, preventing, and treating these disorders. Copyright 2020 Terry and Devine.
    Sponsors
    This work was supported by grant R01HG002898 from the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health.
    Keyword
    brain
    L1
    LINE
    neurological disease
    retrotransposition
    SINE
    somatic
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078480738&doi=10.3389%2ffgene.2019.01244&partnerID=40&md5=b432d1304d10d1120266853db7d94c37; http://hdl.handle.net/10713/11655
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.3389/fgene.2019.01244
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