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    Observing live fish improves perceptions of mood, relaxation and anxiety, but does not consistently alter heart rate or heart rate variability

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    Author
    Gee, N.R.
    Reed, T.
    Friedmann, E.
    Date
    2019
    Journal
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    Publisher
    MDPI AG
    Type
    Article
    
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    See at
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173113
    Abstract
    Although fish and other aquatic species are popular privately-kept pets, little is known about the effects of watching live fish on the perceptions of arousal and the link between those perceptions and physiological measures of arousal. In two separate experiments, participants were asked to watch identically-equipped fish tanks for five minutes in each of three conditions: (1) Live fish, (2) plants and water, and (3) empty tank. Linear mixed models used across both experiments revealed similar results: Greater perceptions of relaxation and mood, and less anxiety during or after viewing the live fish condition, compared with the other conditions. Heart rate and heart rate variability responded to the arousal associated with a math task, but did not differ consistently across viewing conditions. These results suggest that the link between perceptions of arousal, and the physiological measures associated with arousal, may not be strong or immediate, or that heart rate and heart rate variability may not be appropriate measures for the test population. Implications of these results for the biophilia hypothesis and the biopsychosocial model are discussed. Copyright 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
    Keyword
    Health benefits of companion animals
    Human-animal interactions
    Psychological benefits of aquarium fish
    Identifier to cite or link to this item
    https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071608592&doi=10.3390%2fijerph16173113&partnerID=40&md5=042b668e6ad559b9cf52ea20737b5d99; http://hdl.handle.net/10713/10833
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.3390/ijerph16173113
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