Many children with unsubstantiated reports of child abuse and neglect repeatedly return to the child protection system, indicating that unsubstantiated reports may represent actual child maltreatment or risk for future maltreatment. Identifying patterns of re-reporting and predictors that may be associated with later substantiated re-reporting could help to identify children who are very likely to be maltreated. This knowledge may guide the development of policies and interventions to prevent further maltreatment and the risk for re-reports. The aims of this study were to: (1) measure the period between the time of the initial reports that were not substantiated and the time of first substantiated re-reports; and (2) identify factors associated with the risk of later substantiated re-reporting. The study analyzed secondary data from the Longitudinal Studies on Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) through survival analysis. Of the 378 children with initially unsubstantiated reports, 81% were re-reported, of which almost two-thirds were substantiated. Children who were younger, non-white, and had caregivers with more depressive symptoms were at increased risk of a substantiated re-report. Among those that were later substantiated, 20% were substantiated within one year. Findings suggest that targeted preventative services should be developed and provided for families who are reported for the first time, even if not substantiated. Copyright 2017 Elsevier Ltd